Never falling energy agenda in Turkmenistan, the Caspian Sea coast tourism zone Avaza continues
to develop rapidly. consecutive 5-star hotel in the past months, “we want to do Avaza as
Antalya” message that the Turkmen, Avaza Free Tourism Zone to attract foreign investors into
action. Turkish companies were given huge projects. The most important of these two projects;
Polimeks Avaza construction of artificial channel, and Hall was the construction of road
lighting Avaza. In total, these two projects Polight Lighting delivered 3600 decorative
lighting poles. Directly by producing 3600 pieces in 2.5 months, how big we have shown that we
have the capacity to run a factory. Turkmenistan’s tourism center that we are happy that you
want to make a timely delivery of our products in the region.
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07Feb
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25Jan
The value of housing in Spain has increased by 3.6 from 1997 to 2007, which corresponds to the real estate boom. According to the study in 1998 was necessary to use the 5-year average salary to buy a house of 90 m2, while in 2007 it was necessary 12 years.
Responsible for 84% of the increase in housing prices during the boom was the price of land, compared to rising prices of the building that represented only 16%. The Basque Country is the region where the expensive price of land has more impact on the price of housing with 91% of the total, said Ezequiel Uriel, director of the report.
The autonomous communities that offer the greatest capital stock of housing with 53% in Spain in 2007 were Catalonia (993,395,000), Comunidad de Madrid (928,782,000) and Andalusia (771,522,000). On the other hand, Andalucía, Ceuta and Melilla are the regions where it has increased the value of housing between 1998 and 2007.
During the period that has lasted the housing bubble, housing prices have grown at an average annual rate of 12% as did the CPI to 2.9% annually. The most populated municipalities (more than 100 000 inhabitants) and the coastal present higher prices.
The Community of Madrid is the region with the 2007 housing price per square meter high (3,221 per m2) and the lowest price we found in Extremadura to 887 per m2).
Francisco Perez, director of the Ivie, wanted to point out that “have to analyze the consequences of a housing bubble of this magnitude has had on the growth pattern and learn from it, since the rate of housing production has led to a surplus and now must adjust. “Both experts agree that the housing boom could happen again but do not venture to predict when.
All data in this study appear in the monograph “The capital stock of housing in Spain and its geographical distribution (1900-2007), directed by Ezequiel Uriel, a professor at the University of Valencia and Ivie researcher and conducted in collaboration with Carlos Albert, Eva and Vincent Benages Cucarella, Ivie technicians.
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15Jan
Elinor Ostrom, professor at the University of Indiana (USA), is the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economics is awarded since 1969, for his analysis of economic governance, especially the commons. “Ostrom said stay stunned Upon learning of the award. “It’s a great and exciting surprise,” he said.
The U.S. also Oliver Williamson, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, was honored for his theories “that indicate that large corporations are, first, because they are efficient,” and for “his analysis of political governance, especially in regarding the limits of the company, “ie, how some of the economic measures are decided in other markets and within firms.
Ostrom was born in Los Angeles in 1933 and is a lecturer in political science from the University of California. He also founded and directed the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at the University of Arizona. This research bases its work on the analysis of public property management, whose work has challenged the conventional wisdom that common property is managed poorly and should be regulated by central authorities or be privatized.
For his part, Oliver Williamson received his doctorate in economics in 1963 at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, and professor at the University of Berkeley (California). The Economist has discovered in his work that markets and hierarchical organizations represent corporate governance structures that differ in their approaches towards the resolution of conflicts of interest.
The two winners will share equally the officially known as Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences and endowed with 10 million kronor (1.4 million U.S. dollars).
The Nobel Prize in Economics was instituted by the Bank of Sweden in 1969 and is the only award not established left Alfred Nobel in his will. Last year the award went to U.S. researcher and broadcaster Paul Krugman. This is the last of six Nobel announced this year.
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19Dec
And encouraging new evidence suggests that most of the world’s fisheries, including small-scale fisheries, which is usually not industrialized and that millions of people depend for food, can be maintained by community-based co.
“Most of the world’s fisheries are not and never will be managed by strong central governments with hierarchical rules and means to enforce them,” said the Uruguayan Nicolas Gutierrez, PhD of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington (USA ) and author of the paper published by Nature this week.
“Our findings show that many fisheries around the world co-managed by communities are well managed under limited central government structures, provided that fishing communities be involved proactively. Community-based co-management is the only realistic solution for most of the world’s fisheries, and is an effective way to conserve water resources and livelihoods of communities dependent on them, “says the researcher.
Mayors and fishing agreements
With this management system the responsibility of the resources are shared between the government and users. On a smaller scale, this may mean that mayors and fishermen from different nations to agree to avoid fishing in each other’s waters.
Examples of larger scale includes the most valuable fisheries of Chile, a mollusc called “crazy” and also known as abalone from Chile. It began growing in 1988 one local fishermen cooperative along a stretch of coast of 4 km, and which today extends an administration area 700 with 20,000 fishermen along 4,000 km of coastline.
Although there are individual case studies co-managed fisheries, this new work uses data from 130 fisheries in 44 developed and developing, and includes items such as marine and freshwater, and various fishing gears and target species.
The statistical analysis shows that co-management often fails unless it has key elements: the presence of prominent leaders in the community and social cohesion, ensuring clear incentives for fishermen, for example, the amount that can capture or area in which to fish, and protected areas, especially when combined with a regulated harvest within or outside the area and when the proposed protected area is controlled by local communities.
“Our results show that additional resources should be allocated to efforts to identify community leaders and build social capital, not just to impose administrative tactics to exclude users,” said Gutierrez.
The Nobel Ostrom was right
The new study confirms the theories of Elinor Ostrom, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009 for defying the conventional wisdom that common property is always given as deficient and should be regulated by central authorities or privatized. According to Ostrom, resource users often develop sophisticated mechanisms for decision making and implementation of rules for handling conflicts of interest.
“Elinor Ostrom was right,” says Omar Defeo, a professor at the University of Uruguay, scientific coordinator of the national fisheries administration and co-author Uruguay. “With community-based co-management, fishers are able to self-organize, maintain their resources and achieve sustainable fisheries.”
After reading the article before posting, Ostrom said the work was “fabulous” and said: “It was very exciting to see the findings on the cohesion of the community based on norms, trust, communication, commitment and respect for leaders as the most important attributes that lead to a fisheries co-management success. ”
For the study met Gutiérrez scientific information, government reports and non-governmental organizations, as well as personal interviews with 130 co-managed fisheries. The eight attributes evaluated, ranging from community empowerment towards sustainable catch up to increases in the abundance of fish and prices of what was caught.
The best fishing
With 40% of the fisheries with positive score at 6, 7 or 8 attributes, and another 25% scored positively in 4 or 5, the co-authors argue that community-based co-management “is a great promise for success and sustainability fisheries around the world. ”
Ray Hilborn, Professor of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University of Washington and coauthor of the study, participated in another Science article in 2009 in which it was noted that many major industrial fisheries and fisheries ecosystems are increasingly sustainable.
“This new study illustrates the potential for growth in the world to manage sustainable fisheries and appropriate tools for industrial fisheries in countries with strong central governments are very different from those with small-scale fishing or without such strong central government” said the expert.
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Ecology Program Fulbright / OAS (Organization of American States) and the Pew Charitable Trusts.
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11Dec
“Of the countries studied, Spain, Italy and Portugal are the countries of the European Union where the long-term unemployment affects more negatively to salary, once the individual returns to work,” explains to SINC Carlos García Serrano, a researcher University of Alcalá (UAH) and one of the authors.
The paper analyzes the labor mobility and “losses relative” of wages when the individual passes the idle-state workers not actively seeking work or have use for it-or unemployment in Spain, Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom, France and Germany for seven consecutive years (1995-2001), from data collected in the Panel Survey Household Panel (ECHP).
“We wanted to know the effect on wages in unemployment and inactivity, and see if the selected countries were grouped according to level of impact on remuneration. To this end, we took into account the different labor market institutions and social protection systems that exist in each country, “said Garcia Serrano.
The results, published in Manchester School, show that the countries studied are divided into three groups. The first one is formed by Germany and France, countries representative “of protective institutions, ie, following a more proactive model of social security or to the job.
For its part, Spain, Italy and Portugal, have a similar preventive policy but “weaker” and differences in the system of collective bargaining and active labor market policies work. And finally, the United Kingdom has the most flexible and lowest unemployment protection.
“We expected that the impact of inactivity and unemployment was higher in countries like France and Germany, but it was not. Only in the case of inaction, France, Germany and Portugal are at the forefront of negative impact on wages in the later work, “says the researcher.
A temporary phenomenon
But not all negative data: periods of relative wage losses after unemployment are not permanent. “In workers who have moved from job due to a recent period of unemployment, wage figures are 4.5% lower in Spain, Italy 5.6% and 7% in Portugal compared to those have remained in occupation, but his recovery is quick as they disappear after one year, “he stresses.
Younger workers have the highest wage increases in every country (especially if they move voluntarily). However, individuals between 31 and 45 years are most affected by periods of unemployment on wages later and they are more permanent effects.
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20Nov
Dr. Azucena Gracia of the Economics Unit of the Agri-Food and Natural Resources of the CITA has led a research project on the social acceptance of biodiesel by the citizens of Aragon. The research team consists of Dr. Luis Perez y Perez y Gabriela Zeballos of CITA and Dr. Jesús Barreiro Hurlé of Research and Training Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries (IFAP).
The study was conducted based on the analysis of surveys of 400 residents of the city of Zaragoza in September last. The sample comprised 49 percent of women and 51 percent of men, all characterized on the basis of sociodemographic factors.
CITA research reveals very little knowledge about biodiesel in the population. The majority of respondents have never used due to lack of information and then not sold in regular duty station.
Individuals with greater knowledge about biodiesel have greater intention to use in general, even at a higher price. It is noteworthy that women are more willing to use biodiesel than men, and respondents with higher income and education.
Respondents are more concerned that biodiesel can be produced from raw materials produced in Aragon, his production will decrease dependence on oil imports from the countries, “is less polluting than traditional diesel,” his use decrease emissions to the environment “and” production can help increase farmers’ incomes and rural areas “and to a lesser extent that” more expensive to produce than diesel from fossil fuels “and” you can lead to an increase in food prices, “indicating that Aragon citizens have positive attitudes towards biodiesel.
Attitudes toward biodiesel impact on the intention to use and the aspects that influence are positively related to emissions, with the lowest energy dependence, the role he is called to play in rural and regional origin. That is, they intend to use more than those who think that is more environmentally friendly, reduces dependence on energy, promotes the development of rural and regional value origin.
Biofuels, particularly biodiesel, have become an alternative in the short to medium term, to partially replace traditional fuels.
Currently, both types of fuels coexist and compete in the market but with very different market shares. In Spain, biodiesel represents only 1% of consumption and the European Union (EU) has established that by the year 2020, the share of renewable energy (particularly biofuels) in transport sector to achieve at least 10%.
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