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Of these workers, 5.9% of doctors were self-employed as a main job to December 31, 2009, while 90.2% worked as employees.

INE data also indicate that 58.6% of the doctors performing research in 2009 and 63.6% had a job considered “highly related to their doctoral studies.”

As regards the minimum level of education required for the position occupied by doctors in 42.8% of the cases was a doctorate and a bachelor’s degree 40.3%.

Doctors of Engineering and Technology least have a job soon

For doctors who worked in a job related to his PhD once it was over and before January 2010, the average time to find such employment was six months.

Doctorates in Engineering and Technology were less than (five months) and the humanities the most (nine months).

Doctors of the total employed workers, eight of 10 available permanent contract and the remaining two temporary contracts. For its part, 94.9% were employed full time and part-time 5.1%.

One in three has a doctorate in the field of Natural Sciences

Natural science is the field of study that has a degree greater number of individuals between 1990 and 2009, with 33.3% of the total. It is followed by Medical Sciences and Social Sciences, with percentages of 20.9% and 20.1% respectively. By contrast, the Agricultural Sciences doctors are the least concentrated, with 3.0% of the total.

34.1% of the doctors has been mainly financed their doctoral studies through scholarships. Four in 10 worked to finance his doctorate.

Also, 55.5% of individuals who have obtained their PhD in a Spanish university between 1990 and 2009 are male and 45.5% women. The number of doctors are men than women for all age categories, except children under 35.

34.1% of doctors have paid their estudiospor through scholarships

Spanish Public Administration has paid 34.1% of scholarships for doctors. On the other hand, 22.9% have worked as a professor or research assistant, while 17.1% had to perform another job to finance their studies.

The average duration from start PhD courses until you get a doctorate degree is 5.9 years. Of all doctorates between 1990 and 2009, children under 35 were the least time invested, with a mean of 4.6 years. By contrast, people in the age bracket of 65-69 years needed an average of 11.2 years.

The mean age at doctorate of people who have earned a doctoral degree between 1990 and 2009 stood at 34 years (35 for males and 33 for women).

Most valued characteristics of the labor situation

Job security and location are the characteristics most valued by doctors in relation to their employment status. 67.1% and 64.5% of them respectively, these two factors have been identified as “very satisfactory.”

For its part, 11.9% have shown “not satisfied” with the economic benefits and 9.8% with opportunities for promotion.

21.2% of doctors has gone to live outside of Spain between 2000 and 2009. Of these, 58.6% said that the main reason to have gone abroad due to academic factors, such as increased possibility of publications, development or continuity of the dissertation.

In turn, 12.5% of the doctors who were in Spain at December 31, 2009 was scheduled to go out of our country. The main reason mentioned for that decision was for academic factors (for 71.0% of them).

For its part, the main reasons that led doctors to return to Spain during the period 2000-2009 were personal or family factors (37.7%) and other factors related to employment or economic (29.2%) .

Why are more expensive air tickets to come the day of travel while theater tickets are sold at half price in Leicester Square the day of the show? In a recent article in the journal Economic Journal, entitled “Advance Purchase Discounts Clearance Sales versus (discounts for advance purchase against settlements), teachers of the Department of Economics UC3M, Marc Möller and Makoto Watanabe, study prices products can be purchased in advance, ie long before the date of consumption itself. Other examples are seasonal products like modern skiing equipment or a place to participate in a marathon.

According to what they have learned in this study, there are two factors determining the optimal planning of prices. On the one hand, when you buy soon, consumers are faced with doubts about their future needs. “When we booked our flight to London weeks before we have to reckon with the possibility that unforeseen circumstances arise that prevent us from traveling to London,” say the authors of the study. “To get consumers to take risks – still – the airlines offer discounts for advance purchase. As a result the price of tickets increases the closer the flight date,” they explain.

The dynamics of the ideal pricing strategy depends on the interaction of individual demand, uncertainty and risk to skimp. In contrast, the risk of sparing depends on the comparison of demand and supply, and therefore the ability of the seller. Differences in dynamic pricing can be explained by differences in ability. Marc Möller and Makoto Watanabe show that discounts for early purchase will be used by vendors with a relatively small capacity compared to demand, while the settlements are optimal when the capacities are higher. Therefore, differences in ticket prices and tickets can be explained by the fact that flights to London are a relatively small market, while tickets to musicals that have long been in the West End of London is probably not exhausted.

This article also shows that it is more likely to abide by the payments that advance purchase discounts in markets where prices can be committed in advance, temporary capacity limits are difficult to implement and resale is feasible. These results provide further explanations for observed differences in prices.

Furthermore, in its ongoing investigation, Makoto Watanabe has found evidence that air tickets are at their lowest price about eight weeks before the date of travel, although this empirical work has not yet been published in a scientific journal. Furthermore, it appears that tickets are cheaper if purchased in the afternoon instead of morning. “Distinguish between the airline business travelers who book their tickets at work and leisure travelers who book at home? This question will be answered in future research.

“The restriction of CO2 policies in Spain are terciarice the economy, ie, tending more toward a service economy. The share of industry and energy sector is reduced, and this is because there is a change in patterns of production and consumption due to the CO2 that will be priced, “explains Mikel González-Eguino SINC, study author and researcher BC3.

The study, published in the journal Economic Research also suggests that these policies promote a small change in consumption pattern. “The creation of a tax on CO2 emissions may cause a reduction, and to change habits related to the large consumption of energy,” says the expert.

The investigation follows a pattern of economic analysis called “general equilibrium”, to analyze the effects of global policy as the reduction of CO2. The research data from the National Statistics Institute (INE) and the energy balances of the statistical agency of the European Union (EU) Eurostat.

What are the costs of GHG emissions?

The methodology answers questions like: What are the overall costs of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) for different degrees of reduction of emissions and different rates of reduction?

“We analyzed the targeting (target to reduce emissions) and the timing, ie how far forward or back in time this goal,” says the researcher. In this sense, the timing impact of CO2 reduction is determined by technological developments.

“The conclusion is that if technology evolves following the current trend the best option is to reduce emissions before they expand it in time because the cost difference is not large. However, if the technology to evolve in a more radical and short-term, for example, with new batteries that allow electric cars much cheaper than current or arising substantial progress in renewable energy to displace other technologies, only then, would be more profitable to delay reducing emissions.

Emission reduction policies in Spain

Spain pledged in the Kyoto Protocol not to increase their emissions by more than 15% over 1990 levels. This objective was extended through the National Allocation Plan (2008-2012) to 24% by counting carbon sinks (2%) and the purchase of credits in the trading market (7%).

Emissions in 2007 exceeded 50% and makes Spain one of Europe’s most far from their targets. While in 2006 this trend began to reverse (the economy grew by 4% and emissions fell by 4%) has been the economic crisis (2008-2009) which has forced a reduction in emissions.